Name: Recreational Fishing Catch Scores - Low Res - 39 countries
Display Field: PageName
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Mapped estimates of catch from recreational fishing on a scale from low to high. Values were derived from a study using big data from global datasets and user-generated content to map marine and coastal recreational fishing. Data from the recreational fishing app, Fishbrain, was enhanced with data from FishBase, the Sea Around Us Project, and literature searches. Low resolution (20m) grids are available for 39 countries/geographies. See the corresponding report and attribute overview for more details. Venturelli, P., Hrabowski, J., Muehler, A., Schaeffer, W., Willbanks, P., Boyd, R., Longley-Wood, K., & Spalding, M. (2024). Global assessment of the distribution and importance of coastal and marine recreational fishing. Ball State University and The Nature Conservancy.
Name: Recreational Fishing Catch Scores - Medium Res - 21 countries
Display Field: PageName
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Mapped estimates of catch from recreational fishing on a scale from low to high. Values were derived from a study using big data from global datasets and user-generated content to map marine and coastal recreational fishing. Data from the recreational fishing app, Fishbrain, was enhanced with data from FishBase, the Sea Around Us Project, and literature searches. Medium resolution (10m) grids are available for 21 countries/geographies. See the corresponding report and attribute overview for more details. Venturelli, P., Hrabowski, J., Muehler, A., Schaeffer, W., Willbanks, P., Boyd, R., Longley-Wood, K., & Spalding, M. (2024). Global assessment of the distribution and importance of coastal and marine recreational fishing. Ball State University and The Nature Conservancy.
Name: Recreational Fishing Catch Scores - High Res - 4 countries
Display Field: PageName
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Mapped estimates of catch from recreational fishing on a scale from low to high. Values were derived from a study using big data from global datasets and user-generated content to map marine and coastal recreational fishing. Data from the recreational fishing app, Fishbrain, was enhanced with data from FishBase, the Sea Around Us Project, and literature searches. High resolution (2m) grids are available for 4 countries (geographies). See the corresponding report and attribute overview for more details. Venturelli, P., Hrabowski, J., Muehler, A., Schaeffer, W., Willbanks, P., Boyd, R., Longley-Wood, K., & Spalding, M. (2024). Global assessment of the distribution and importance of coastal and marine recreational fishing. Ball State University and The Nature Conservancy.
Name: Modelled Total Dollar Value of Reef Tourism (per km2)
Display Field: Bin_global
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Mapped estimates of the dollar values of coral reefs to the tourism sector. Some 70% of the world’s coral reefs are too remote to register any current value. The remainder have been split into deciles. These values are taken from the combined value of on reef values and reef adjacent values, the former including recreational diving and snorkelling and the latter including the provision of calm waters, coral sand beaches, views and seafood. For a full description of the modeling process, please see: Mapping the global value and distribution of coral reef tourism. Spalding, M. Burke, L., Wood, S.A., Ashpole, J., Hutchison, J., zu Ermgassen, P. Marine Policy (2017). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
Name: Modelled Total Visitation Value of Coral Reefs (per km2)
Display Field: Bin_global
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Mapped estimates of annual visitation to coral reefs. Some 70% of the world’s coral reefs are too remote to register any current value. The remainder have been split into deciles. These values are taken from the combined value of on reef values and reef adjacent values, the former including recreational diving and snorkelling and the latter including the provision of calm waters, coral sand beaches, views and seafood. For a full description of the modeling process, please see: Mapping the global value and distribution of coral reef tourism. Spalding, M. Burke, L., Wood, S.A., Ashpole, J., Hutchison, J., zu Ermgassen, P. Marine Policy (2017). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
Name: Global Mangrove Tourism (Number of reviews up to end of 2015)
Display Field: Attraction_Title
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: Mangrove tourism attractions include locations and operators, based on sites listed in the popular travel web-site TripAdvisor. Some attractions, notably operators, show locations of headquarters rather than the actual mangrove destinations, which are typically nearby. For more information see Spalding and Parrett (2019) Found at: https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Spalding-and-Parrett-19-Mangrove-tourism-Mar-Pol.pdf
Name: Number of people avoiding damage from flooding per decade
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: The maps show coastal points which summarise the number of persons (number per km of coast) in adjacent, hazard-exposed areas who are likely to be receiving protection from flooding. The hazard in the model is informed by wind and wave energy, which are indicative of threats arising both from flooding (including wave overtopping during storms) and erosion. Exposed areas include a 500m strip along all coasts, plus additional low-lying areas <5km from the shore. Population information in these hazard exposed areas is from WorldPop 2020, which provides population data over a 30′′ grid (approximately 1-km at the equator). For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Copyright Text: Burke and Spalding (2022); TNC, WRI
Name: Economic values (GDP - PPP) protected from flooding per decade
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: (i) The maps show coastal points which summarise the sum of economic value in adjacent, hazard-exposed areas that are likely to be receiving protection from flooding. The hazard in the model is informed by wind and wave energy, which are indicative of threats arising both from flooding (including wave overtopping during storms) and erosion. Exposed areas include a 500m strip along all coasts, plus additional low-lying areas <5km from the shore. Economic value in these areas is derived from 2019 GDP converted to international dollars using Purchasing Power Parity rates, at approximately 1-km resolution.For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits to people, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Copyright Text: Burke and Spalding (2022); TNC, WRI
Name: Infrastructure/NTL protected from flooding per decade
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: (i) The maps show coastal points which summarise the concentration of night-time lights (NTL) in adjacent, hazard-exposed areas that are likely to be receiving protection from flooding. NTL are used here as a proxy indication of human infrastructure value, capturing large parts of built infrastructure, including areas away from human populations such as industrial, transport and even low-density tourism. The hazard in the model is informed by wind and wave energy, which are indicative of threats arising both from flooding (including wave overtopping during storms) and erosion. Exposed areas include a 500m strip along all coasts, plus additional low-lying areas <5km from the shore. NTL are from the 2016 NASA Earth at Night Map: light intensity is measured on a scale of 0–255, at a resolution of 15′′ (approximately 500 m resolution). For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Copyright Text: Burke and Spalding (2022); TNC, WRI
Name: Fringing reefs providing protection to people
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: (i) The relative importance of fringing reefs in defending adjacent coastal populations from flooding. For this map, values calculated at the coast (see separate maps and associated information) are reprojected out to the reefs, weighting the distribution by both distance from shore and reef density. For this stage, the findings are presented as relative scores (1-10) rather than absolute values.For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Copyright Text: Burke and Spalding (2022); TNC, WRI
Name: Barrier reefs providing protection to people
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: (i) The relative importance of barrier reefs in defending nearby coastal populations from flooding. For this map, values calculated at the coast (see separate maps and associated information) are reprojected out to the reefs, weighting the distribution by both distance from shore and reef density. Scores are relative, and, recognising the lower value of barrier reefs in generating benefits at more distant shores, these are given lower relative scores compared to fringing reefs (1-2). For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Copyright Text: Burke and Spalding (2022); TNC, WRI
Name: Fringing reefs providing protection to economic values GDP-PPP
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: (i) The relative importance of fringing reefs in defending adjacent coastal economic assets from flooding. For this map, asset values calculated at the coast (see separate maps and associated information) are reprojected out to the reefs, weighting the distribution by both distance from shore and reef density. For this stage, the findings are presented as relative scores (1-10) rather than absolute values. For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Copyright Text: Burke and Spalding (2022); TNC, WRI
Name: Barrier reefs providing protection to economic values GDP-PPP
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: (i) The relative importance of barrier reefs in defending adjacent coastal economic assets from flooding. For this map, values calculated at the coast (see separate maps and associated information) are reprojected out to the reefs, weighting the distribution by both distance from shore and reef density. Scores are relative, and, recognising the lower value of barrier reefs in generating benefits at more distant shores, these are given lower relative scores compared to fringing reefs (1-2). For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Copyright Text: Burke and Spalding (2022); TNC, WRI
Name: Fringing reefs providing protection to infrastructure/NTL
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: (i) The relative importance of fringing reefs in defending adjacent coastal infrastructure (as approximated by NTL, night time lights) from flooding. For this map, NTL values calculated at the coast (see separate maps and associated information) are reprojected out to the reefs, weighting the distribution by both distance from shore and reef density. For this stage, the findings are presented as relative scores (1-10) rather than absolute values.For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Copyright Text: Burke and Spalding (2022); TNC, WRI
Name: Barrier reefs providing protection to people infrastructure/NTL
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: (i) The relative importance of barrier reefs in defending adjacent coastal infrastructure (as approximated by NTL, night time lights) from flooding. For this map, NTL values calculated at the coast (see separate maps and associated information) are reprojected out to the reefs, weighting the distribution by both distance from shore and reef density. Scores are relative, and, recognising the lower value of barrier reefs in generating benefits at more distant shores, these are given lower relative scores compared to fringing reefs (1-2). For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Copyright Text: Burke and Spalding (2022); TNC, WRI
Description: Annual expected benefits from reefs for flood protection represents the predicted flooding avoided to people by keeping coral reefs in tact. It is an annualized benefit of the role of reefs in flood reduction that considers local factors such as reef condition, asset distribution, and storm frequency. This value reprsents the difference of flooding impacts on people when coral reefs are present and when there is 1 meter of reef loss. The values is aggregated to the country scale from 90m resolution data.
Description: Annual expected benefits from reefs for flood protection represents the predicted flooding avoided to built infrastructure by keeping coral reefs in tact. It is an annualized benefit of the role of reefs in flood reduction that considers local factors such as reef condition, asset distribution, and storm frequency. This value represents the difference of flooding impacts on built capital when coral reefs are present and when there is 1 meter of reef loss. This value is aggregated to the country scale from 90m resolution data.
Description: 30 years of historical data on regional sea level and wave conditions were used to develop a frequency distribution of storm sea levels and their intensity to esimate flooding for 1 in 25 year storm events. This value reprsents the difference of flooding impacts on people when coral reefs are present and when there is 1 meter of reef loss. The values is aggregated to the country scale from 90m resolution data.
Description: 30 years of historical data on regional sea level and wave conditions were used to develop a frequency distribution of storm sea levels and their intensity to esimate flooding for 1 in 25 year storm events. This value represents the difference of flooding impacts on built capital when coral reefs are present and when there is 1 meter of reef loss. This value is aggregated to the country scale from 90m resolution data.
Description: Annual expected benefits from mangroves for flood protection represents the predicted flooding avoided to people by keeping mangroves in tact. It is an annualized benefit of the role of mangroves in flood reduction that considers local factors such as mangrove condition, asset distribution, and storm frequency.
Description: Annual expected benefits from mangroves for flood protection represents the predicted flooding avoided to built infrastructure by keeping mangroves in tact. It is an annualized benefit of the role of mangroves in flood reduction that considers local factors such as mangrove condition, asset distribution, and storm frequency.
Name: Recreational Fishing Catch Scores - Low Res - 39 countries
Display Field: PageName
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Mapped estimates of catch from recreational fishing on a scale from low to high. Values were derived from a study using big data from global datasets and user-generated content to map marine and coastal recreational fishing. Data from the recreational fishing app, Fishbrain, was enhanced with data from FishBase, the Sea Around Us Project, and literature searches. Low resolution (20m) grids are available for 39 countries/geographies. See the corresponding report and attribute overview for more details. Venturelli, P., Hrabowski, J., Muehler, A., Schaeffer, W., Willbanks, P., Boyd, R., Longley-Wood, K., & Spalding, M. (2024). Global assessment of the distribution and importance of coastal and marine recreational fishing. Ball State University and The Nature Conservancy.
Name: Recreational Fishing Catch Scores - Medium Res - 21 countries
Display Field: PageName
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Mapped estimates of catch from recreational fishing on a scale from low to high. Values were derived from a study using big data from global datasets and user-generated content to map marine and coastal recreational fishing. Data from the recreational fishing app, Fishbrain, was enhanced with data from FishBase, the Sea Around Us Project, and literature searches. Medium resolution (10m) grids are available for 21 countries/geographies. See the corresponding report and attribute overview for more details. Venturelli, P., Hrabowski, J., Muehler, A., Schaeffer, W., Willbanks, P., Boyd, R., Longley-Wood, K., & Spalding, M. (2024). Global assessment of the distribution and importance of coastal and marine recreational fishing. Ball State University and The Nature Conservancy.
Name: Recreational Fishing Catch Scores - High Res - 4 countries
Display Field: PageName
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Mapped estimates of catch from recreational fishing on a scale from low to high. Values were derived from a study using big data from global datasets and user-generated content to map marine and coastal recreational fishing. Data from the recreational fishing app, Fishbrain, was enhanced with data from FishBase, the Sea Around Us Project, and literature searches. High resolution (2m) grids are available for 4 countries (geographies). See the corresponding report and attribute overview for more details. Venturelli, P., Hrabowski, J., Muehler, A., Schaeffer, W., Willbanks, P., Boyd, R., Longley-Wood, K., & Spalding, M. (2024). Global assessment of the distribution and importance of coastal and marine recreational fishing. Ball State University and The Nature Conservancy.
Description: Commercial fish enhancement values are based on a model, informed by
field data, to estimate the finfish catch enhancement value of mangroves across the world. To calculate the number of individuals enhanced by mangroves, the team derived a model of fish density enhancement value from mangrove which incorporated biophysical and environmental inputs (e.g., salinity, sea surface temperature, productivity, mangrove edge length and area, and tidal amplitude). These values were then multiplied by an estimate of fishing pressure, derived from variables including population density, access to cities, proximity of key fishing habitats (coral reefs, mangroves, shallow shelfs), and storminess.The commercial fish covered include representatives from all regions, however they do not include all commercial species enhanced by mangroves- only those strongly affiliated with mangroves and so estimates may be conservative. Further, there is a possible sampling bias between regions and so results are most useful for comparing enhancement within regions, and should be viewed with caution in making inter-regional comparisons.
Description: Commercial invertebrate enhancement values are based on a model, informed by
field data, to estimate the invertebrate catch enhancement value of mangroves across the world. To calculate the number of individuals enhanced by mangroves, the team derived a model of fish density enhancement value from mangrove which incorporated biophysical and environmental inputs (e.g., salinity, sea surface temperature, productivity, mangrove edge length and area, and tidal amplitude). These values were then multiplied by an estimate of fishing pressure, derived from variables including population density, access to cities, proximity of key fishing habitats (coral reefs, mangroves, shallow shelfs), and storminess.The commercial invertebrates covered include representatives from all regions, however they do not include all commercial species enhanced by mangroves- only those strongly affiliated with mangroves and so estimates may be conservative. Further, there is a possible sampling bias between regions and so results are most useful for comparing enhancement within regions, and should be viewed with caution in making inter-regional comparisons.
Description: The model provides a basic estimate of the relative size of coral reef fisheries catch. This catch is determined as a function of estimated reef productivity and fishing effort. A minor modifier to this basic model makes allowance for no-take fishing areas (where catches are zero) with a small buffer of potential enhanced fisheries in adjacent waters (spillover). We do not account for variability in the economic or social value of these fisheries. This global data set reflects the world's coral reefs as a 500m grid, classified by a relative estimate of the annual fish harvest. Values are represented in decile blocks. The estimation of coral-reef associated fisheries involves 4 steps:
Estimate the pristine potential maximum sustainable yield on coral reefs – reflecting the potential sustainable production of fish on healthy reefs. This estimate was based on a review of numerous published estimates of fisheries yields or maximum sustainable yield per unit area world-wide. Estimate the realistic potential MSY on coral reefs, in light of current reef condition (degradation) reducing productivity. A proportional reduction based on the Reefs at Risk model of integrated threat, informed by other studies
Estimate catch based on the potential MSY, adjusted by nearby population and available fishing area, using a model adapted from previous field-based studies (reefs are recorded as reaching maximum fishing effort at population levels greater than 600 persons within reach of each square kilometre of reef. This catch layer was modified for strictly protected no-take zones. Catch values were reduced to zero (no catch) in the no-take zones while changing the potential catch in a surrounding 1km buffer was raised to the maximum value.
Copyright Text: Data developed at the World Resources Institute (WRI), under a joint effort by WRI, TNC and Cambridge University under the project, "Attaining Aichi Target 11: How well are marine ecosystem services secured by protected areas?"
Description: Coastal wetlands, including submerged seagrasses, mangrove forests, salt marshes and pelagic habitats offer a vital service to the global community in the face of global warming by sequestering large amounts of carbon in living matter and by storing carbon in layers of underground sediment.
Description: The increasing value of mangrove above-ground biomass in decile blocks. Estimations of the relative amount of above ground biomass (agb) of the world’s mangroves based on a climate-based model that links global climate and mangrove distribution data with data collected from 95 field studies. <br>
<br>
Hutchison, J., Manica, A., Swetnam, R., Balmford, A. & Spalding, M. "Predicting global patterns in mangrove forest biomass." Conservation Letters 00 (2013) 1–8 C 2013 The Authors. Conservation Letters published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Description: Results of a project which used a machine learning data-driven model to predict the distribution of soil carbon under mangrove forests globally. Results are presented in decile blocks. Sanderman et al. (in review) A global map of mangrove forest soil carbon at 30 m spatial resolution. Environmental Research Letters.
Description: Results of a project which used a machine learning data-driven model to predict the distribution of soil carbon under mangrove forests globally. Results are presented in decile blocks. Sanderman et al. (in review) A global map of mangrove forest soil carbon at 30 m spatial resolution. Environmental Research Letters.
Description: Results of a project which used a machine learning data-driven model to predict the distribution of soil carbon under mangrove forests globally. Results are presented in decile blocks. Sanderman et al. (in review) A global map of mangrove forest soil carbon at 30 m spatial resolution. Environmental Research Letters.
Description: Results of a project which used a machine learning data-driven model to predict the distribution of soil carbon under mangrove forests globally. Results are presented in decile blocks. Sanderman et al. (in review) A global map of mangrove forest soil carbon at 30 m spatial resolution. Environmental Research Letters.
Description: Heatmap of the category of coastal exposure (red displays highest coastal exposure to lowest in blue) The coastal exposure is defined by the Hazard Index (HI) that was calculated as follows: HI=√(7&R_hab R_geo R_rel R_win R_wav R_slr R_sur )
where the relative ranking (R) indicates parameter that affects hazard index including, the ranking of habitats (R_hab; is calculated by the habitat risk exposure function embedded in Coastal Vulnerability toolbox of InVEST model, Eq. xx), the effects of geomorphology type (R_geo) and coastal relief (R_rel), and the exposures from wind (R_win), waves (R_wav), sea level rise (R_slr), and storm surge potential (R_sur). R_hab=max(1,4.8-0.5 √((1.5 〖max〗_h^N (5-R_h ))^2+(∑_h^N▒〖(5-R_h )^2-〖max〗_h^N (5-R_h )^2 〗) )) Eq.xx
Where N is the number of habitat layers within the maximum protection distance of that habitat type and R_h is the risk rank of habitat type h.
The relative ranking is defined independently for each parameter to assign the level of exposures from high (rank = 5) to low (rank = 1). For almost all the parameters, except for habitats and geomorphology, the rank is calculated by classifying the values using quartile sampling distribution, from first quartile or top 20% (rank = 5) to fifth quartile (rank = 1). Meanwhile, the habitat and geomorphology ranking systems are following the methods proposed by Gornitz (1990), and also see Arkema et al. (2013).
Description: Heatmap of the category of total habitat role in coastal protection (red displays highest habitat role grading to lowest in blue ). The value is calculated by, at first, subtracting the Hazard Index in “with” Habitat scenario from another Hazard Index in “without” Habitat scenario. Then, the value divided by the maximum Hazard Index (“without” Habitat scenario) is considered as Habitat Roles.
Description: Heatmap of the density of human population benefitted by coastal protection service provided by coastal wetlands (saltmarsh, mangroves and seagrass). Red displays >10,000 grading to < 500 people per 1 km2 in blue . The protected value is estimated by calculating the difference in the number of people exposed to coastal hazards “with” and “without” habitats included in the hazard index (see Coastal Exposure). There is a maximum distance limit by 1 km from the coastline to match the model resolution.
(Data source: embedded in InVEST. The original source is Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University; and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT)). The data is at 100 m resolution and obtained from the InVEST 3.5.0 data package (Sharp et al., 2018) and Gridded Population of the World Version 3 (GPWv3): courtesy of CIESIN, Columbia University; and CIAT (2005).
Description: Heatmap of total protected value (in Australian Dollar) due to coastal protection service provided by coastal wetlands (saltmarsh, mangroves and seagrass) for coastal counties in Australia (red displays >100 grading to <1 million AUD per coastal county in blue). The protected value is estimated by calculating the difference in the total value of property exposed to coastal hazards “with” and “without” habitats included in the hazard index (see Coastal Exposure). Finally, the total protected value is summed by county and by limiting maximum distance 1 km from the coastline to match the model resolution.
(Data source: global exposure datasets from Global Assessment Report (2015) provided by United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)). It contains total economic capital stock values in 4 km resolution, then resampled into 1 km resolution. This is derived from the value of property within 1 km2 of the coastline where the presence of coastal wetlands reduces the impacts of inundation from storms.
Description: Heatmap of the percentage that mangrove ecosystems contribute to reduce coastal hazard index (see Coastal Exposure). Red displays >10 grading to 1 – 2 % in blue.
Description: Heatmap of the percentage that seagrass ecosystems contribute to reduce coastal hazard index (see Coastal Exposure). Red displays >10 grading to 1 – 2 % in blue.
Description: Heatmap of the percentage that saltmarsh ecosystems contribute to reduce coastal hazard index (see Coastal Exposure). Red displays >10 grading to 1 – 2 % in blue.
Name: Seagrass Soil Carbon Stock - Tonnes Soil C per ha
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Soil carbon stock for Australian seagrass ecosystems were associated with multiple environmental and anthropogenic variables across Australia in a boosted regression tree (BRT). The resulting associations from the BRT were used to extrapolate carbon stock values across the coverage of seagrass ecosystems in Australia.
Name: Mangrove and Tidal Marsh Soil Carbon Stock - Tonnes Soil C per ha
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Soil carbon stock for Australian tidal marsh and mangrove ecosystems were associated with multiple environmental and anthropogenic variables across Australia in a boosted regression tree (BRT). The resulting associations from the BRT were used to extrapolate carbon stock values across the coverage of tidal marsh and mangrove ecosystems in Australia.
Name: Potential Coastal Wetland Carbon Sequestration by 2050 (Levee Removal + SLR scenario) Tonnes C per ha
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare for Australian coastal wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2050 under the Levee Removal Plus Sea Level Rise Scenario, in which current coastal ecosystems remain in place for the entire modelling period and coastal levees are breeched, returning tidal inundation to low-lying area in the vicinity of breeched structures. Sea level rise would augment inundation over time. It is assumed that newly inundated areas would be restored to tidal marsh or mangrove.
Name: Potential Coastal Wetland Carbon Sequestration by 2100 (Levee Removal + SLR scenario) Tonnes C per ha
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare for Australian wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2100 under the Levee Removal Plus Sea Level Rise Scenario, in which current coastal ecosystems remain in place for the entire modelling period and coastal levees are breeched, returning tidal inundation to low-lying area in the vicinity of breeched structures. Sea level rise would augment inundation over time. It is assumed that newly inundated areas would be restored to tidal marsh or mangrove.
Name: Potential Coastal Wetland Carbon Sequestration by 2050 (SLR Scenario) Tonnes C per ha
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration for Australian coastal wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2050 under the Sea Level Rise Scenario, in which current coastal ecosystems remain in place for the entire modelling period and sea level rise returns tidal inundation to low-lying areas. It is assumed that newly inundated areas would be restored to tidal marsh or mangrove.
Name: Potential Coastal Wetland Carbon Sequestration by 2100 (SLR Scenario) Tonnes C per ha
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration for Australian coastal wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2100 under the Sea Level Rise Scenario, in which current coastal ecosystems remain in place for the entire modelling period and sea level rise returns tidal inundation to low-lying areas. It is assumed that newly inundated areas would be restored to tidal marsh or mangrove.
Name: Potential Coastal Wetland Carbon Sequestration by 2050 (Top 20th %ile Risk Scenario) Tonnes C per ha
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare for Australian coastal wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time. Loss of soil carbon from erosion took place within the first decade after erosion.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2050 under the Erosion of the Top 20th Percentile Risk Area scenario. Coastal areas were ranked based on a relative risk index for erosion using the Victorian Coastal Climate Change Risk Assessment (DELWP 2015). Current coastal ecosystems falling with the areas in the top 20th percentile of risk index ranks were assumed to erode to either mudflat or open water, losing soil carbon. Coastal ecosystems outside of these areas.
Name: Potential Coastal Wetland Carbon Sequestration by 2100 (Top 20th %ile Risk Scenario) Tonnes C per ha
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare for Australian coastal wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time. Loss of soil carbon from erosion took place within the first decade after erosion.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2100 under the Erosion of the Top 20th Percentile Risk Area scenario. Coastal areas were ranked based on a relative risk index for erosion using the Victorian Coastal Climate Change Risk Assessment (DELWP 2015). Current coastal ecosystems falling with the areas in the top 20th percentile of risk index ranks were assumed to erode to either mudflat or open water, losing soil carbon. Coastal ecosystems outside of these areas.
Name: Potential Coastal Wetland Carbon Sequestration by 2050 (Top 50th %ile Risk Scenario) Tonnes C per ha
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare for Australian coastal wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time. Loss of soil carbon from erosion took place within the first decade after erosion.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2050 under the Erosion of the Top 50th Percentile Risk Area scenario. Coastal areas were ranked based on a relative risk index for erosion using the Victorian Coastal Climate Change Risk Assessment (DELWP 2015). Current coastal ecosystems falling with the areas in the top 50th percentile of risk index ranks were assumed to erode to either mudflat or open water, losing soil carbon.
Name: Potential Coastal Wetland Carbon Sequestration by 2100 (Top 50th %ile Risk Scenario) Tonnes C per ha
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare for Australian coastal wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time. Loss of soil carbon from erosion took place within the first decade after erosion.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2100 under the Erosion of the Top 50th Percentile Risk Area scenario. Coastal areas were ranked based on a relative risk index for erosion using the Victorian Coastal Climate Change Risk Assessment (DELWP 2015). Current coastal ecosystems falling with the areas in the top 50th percentile of risk index ranks were assumed to erode to either mudflat or open water, losing soil carbon.
Name: Port Phillip and Western Port Mangrove Biomass Carbon Stock (Mgha-1)
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Estimated mangrove aboveground carbon stocks (Mg ha-1) for Port Phillip and Western Port Bays, Victoria, Australia. Field-derived mangrove aboveground biomass estimated from allometry (Saintilan 1997), carbon stock from a mangrove biomass to carbon ratio of 1:0.464 (Kauffman & Donato 2012; Donato et al. 2011). Aboveground biomass carbon stock maps developed from field-derived biomass and mean tree height relationships, and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission- (mean canopy height; Fatoyinbo et al. 2008; SRTM; Rodriguez et al. 2006) and airborne LiDAR-(ground elevation: Geoscience Australia 2015) derived mean tree height.
Description: Heatmap showing recreational value from birdwatching in coastal areas around Port Phillip and Western Port in Victoria, Australia. These values are based on the distances people are willing to travel to these areas and the amount of mangrove and tidal marsh habitat present.
Description: Heatmap showing loss of recreational value from birdwatching in coastal areas around Port Phillip and Western Port in Victoria, Australia based on a scenario where 10% of the mangrove and tidal marsh habitat is lost (red displays >$4000 grading to >$10 AUD per trip in blue). These values are based on the costs of travel and time taken to get to a birding location and the amount of mangrove and tidal marsh habitat present.
Description: Heatmap showing loss of recreational value from birdwatching in coastal areas around Port Phillip and Western Port in Victoria, Australia based on a scenario where 30% of the mangrove and tidal marsh habitat is lost (red displays >$4000 grading to >$10 AUD per trip in blue). These values are based on the costs of travel and time taken to get to a birding location and the amount of mangrove and tidal marsh habitat present.
Description: Heatmap showing loss of recreational value from birdwatching in coastal areas around Port Phillip and Western Port in Victoria, Australia based on a scenario where 50% of the mangrove and tidal marsh habitat is lost (red displays >$4000 grading to >$10 AUD per trip in blue). These values are based on the costs of travel and time taken to get to a birding location and the amount of mangrove and tidal marsh habitat present.
Description: Heatmap showing the economic benefit per trip corresponding to the current value of seagrass coverage in Western Port (red displays >$50 grading to <$1 AUD per trip in blue). These values were derived by valuing the amount of seagrass in fishing blocks across the bay with the costs of travel and time taken to get to a location in the corresponding blocks by recreational fishers. The blocks have been clipped to the current seagrass extents. Areas in black are Marine Protected Areas where no fishing is allowed.
Name: Economic Value w/30% increase in Seagrass (Western Port)
Display Field: AREACODE
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Heatmap showing the economic benefit per recreational fishing trip corresponding to an increase of 30% in seagrass coverage in Western Port (red displays >$50 grading to <$1 AUD per trip in blue). These values were derived by valuing potential seagrass restoration, resulting in an increase in seagrass coverage by 30%, in fishing blocks across Western Port with costs of travel and time taken to get to a location in the corresponding blocks by recreational fishers. As this restoration is hypothetical, the value is mapped to the fishing blocks that were used in the recreational fishing boat ramp surveys. Areas in black are Marine Protected Areas where no fishing is allowed.
Name: Economic Value w/10% increase in Seagrass (Western Port)
Display Field: AREACODE
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Heatmap showing the economic benefit per recreational fishing trip corresponding to an increase of 10% in seagrass coverage in Western Port (red displays >$50 grading to <$1 AUD per trip in blue). These values were derived by valuing potential seagrass restoration, resulting in an increase in seagrass coverage by 10%, in fishing blocks across Western Port with cost of travel and times taken to get to a location in the corresponding blocks by recreational fishers. As this restoration is hypothetical, the value is mapped to the fishing blocks that were used in the recreational fishing boat ramp surveys. Areas in black are Marine Protected Areas where no fishing is allowed.
Description: Heatmap showing the economic benefit per trip corresponding to the current value of seagrass coverage in Port Phillip (red displays >$50 grading to <$1 AUD per trip in blue). These values were derived by valuing the amount of seagrass in fishing blocks across the bay with the costs of travel and time taken to get to a location in the corresponding blocks by recreational fishers. The blocks have been clipped to the current seagrass extents. Areas in black are Marine Protected Areas where no fishing is allowed.
Name: Economic Value w/30% increase in Seagrass (Port Phillip Bay)
Display Field: AREACODE
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Heatmap showing the economic benefit per recreational fishing trip corresponding to an increase of 30% in seagrass coverage in Port Phillip (red displays >$50 grading to <$1 AUD per trip in blue). These values were derived by valuing potential seagrass restoration, resulting in an increase in seagrass coverage by 30%, in fishing blocks across Port Phillip with costs of travel and time taken to get to a location in the corresponding blocks by recreational fishers. As this restoration is hypothetical, the value is mapped to the fishing blocks that were used in the recreational fishing boat ramp surveys. Areas in black are Marine Protected Areas where no fishing is allowed.
Name: Economic Value w/10% increase in Seagrass (Port Phillip Bay)
Display Field: AREACODE
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Heatmap showing the economic benefit per recreational fishing trip corresponding to an increase of 10% in seagrass coverage in Port Phillip (red displays >$50 grading to <$1 AUD per trip in blue). These values were derived by valuing potential seagrass restoration, resulting in an increase in seagrass coverage by 10%, in fishing blocks across Port Phillip with costs of travel and time taken to get to a location in the corresponding blocks by recreational fishers. As this restoration is hypothetical, the value is mapped to the fishing blocks that were used in the recreational fishing boat ramp surveys. Areas in black are Marine Protected Areas where no fishing is allowed.
Name: King George Whiting Juvenile Density (Port Phillip Bay)
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Heatmap of King George whiting – Sillaginodes punctatus juvenile density per hectare per year in Port Phillip mapped over the extent of seagrass (red displays high values >30,000 grading to blue low values <1,000 . To determine spatial variation in King George whiting density, we utilised an existing long-term dataset, collected by the Victorian Fisheries Authority, of density of juvenile King George whiting in seagrass beds around Port Phillip. Fish densities from seagrass beds were combined with novel machine learning methods to predict fish densities across the whole of Port Phillip. Fish densities were then combined with modelling to estimate the biomass of these fish once they become adults.
Description: o Marine coastal ecosystems, such as saltmarshes, mangroves, and seagrasses – collectively referred to as ‘coastal wetlands’ – are Australia’s under-appreciated ecosystems. Yet coastal wetlands provide many benefits, or ‘ecosystem services’, including sustaining commercial and recreational fisheries, protecting our coastlines from ocean-related threats like storm surges and sea level rise, sequestering and storing carbon (known as blue carbon), and providing natural places for nature-based tourism and recreational activities. The Australian coastal wetlands spatial layers provide historical and contemporary distributions of coastal wetlands split by type for southeastern Australia or the states of New South Wales and Victoria.
Name: New South Wales & Victoria Coastal Ecosystems (Contemporary)
Display Field: CMA_Name
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Extents of coastal wetland ecosystems (mangrove, saltmarsh, and seagrass) across New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria (VIC) in Australia. Polygons for NSW were downloaded from http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/about-us/research-development/flagship-projects/spatial-data-portal and VIC data came from Boon et al. 2011.
Name: Historic New South Wales Coastal Ecosystems (1940s)
Display Field: Features
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: The historic distribution of seagrass, mangroves, and tidal marsh from the 1940s. These extents were derived by the Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority using aerial photography. These data were provided by New South Wales Department of Primary Industries.
Name: Historic New South Wales Coastal Ecosystems (1980s)
Display Field: Unit
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: The historic distribution of seagrass, mangroves, and tidal marsh from the 1980s. These extents were derived by the Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority using aerial photography. These data were provided by New South Wales Department of Primary Industries.
Name: Historic New South Wales Coastal Ecosystems (1990s)
Display Field: unit
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: The historic distribution of seagrass, mangroves, and tidal marsh from the 1990s. These extents were derived by the Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority using aerial photography. These data were provided by New South Wales Department of Primary Industries.
Name: Historic Victoria Coastal Ecosystems (Pre-1750)
Display Field: LABEL
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: The historic distribution of mangroves and tidal marsh pre-1750 from Victoria, Australia. This layer was derived as part of the Victorian Saltmarsh Study (Boon et al. 2011) from historical aerial imagery and maps.
Description: The expected percent increase in fish stocks if fishing were reduced to 0 in each 1 hectare cell. This could be through a marine reserve or some other fisheries management measure. See full report at: http://media.coastalresilience.org/MOW/TNC%20Bahamas%20final%20report%20v1.1.pdf
Copyright Text: Florida International University TNC
Name: Gulf of California Mangrove Habitat Dollar Value (US)
Display Field: Id
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Gulf of California Mangrove Habitat Dollar Value (US)
1 = $25,000 - $500,000
2 = $500,000 - $1,000,000
3 = $1,000,000 - $2,500,000
4 = $2,500,000 - $7,500,000
5 = >$7,500,000
[NB this is total per pixel, not per hectare]
Description: The Mapping Ocean Wealth Team in Indonesia, working with partners in the Center for Coastal and Marine Resources Studies (CCMRS) and with Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), developed a model of pelagic productivity using data on temperature and sea-surface productivity. This model clearly shows the tremendously important role of monsoon upwelling in driving pelagic productivity in the Southeast Monsoon. Such knowledge will be of considerable value in developing management tools for the highly important tuna fisheries, which take place both in these waters and in adjacent international waters of the eastern Indian Ocean.
Description: The expected percent increase in fish stocks if fishing were reduced to 0 in each 1 hectare cell. This could be through a marine reserve or some other fisheries management measure. See full report at: http://ow-maps.coastalresilience.org/Reports/TNC%20final%20technical%20report%20v1.1.pdf
Description: This dataset shows the global distribution of coral reefs in tropical and subtropical regions. It is the most comprehensive global dataset of warm-water coral reefs to date, acting as a foundation baseline map for future, more detailed, work. This dataset was compiled from a number of sources by UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) and the WorldFish Centre, in collaboration with WRI (World Resources Institute) and TNC (The Nature Conservancy). Data sources include the Millennium Coral Reef Mapping Project (IMaRS-USF and IRD 2005, IMaRS-USF 2005) and the World Atlas of Coral Reefs (Spalding et al. 2001).
Description: This dataset shows the global distribution of mangroves. It was compiled by UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) in collaboration with the International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME).
Copyright Text: Spalding MD, Blasco F, Field CD (Eds.) (1997). World Mangrove Atlas. Okinawa (Japan): International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems. 178 pp. Compiled by UNEP-WCMC, in collaboration with the International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME).
Name: Global Seagrass Diversity (No. of Seagrass Species)
Display Field: id
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: This dataset shows the global distribution of seagrass species richness, or global seagrass biodiversity.
The boundaries do not represent actual ranges as seagrass are distributed in waters shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate. No surface area calculations should be attempted.
Copyright Text: Green EP, Short FT (2003). World atlas of seagrasses. Prepared by UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Berkeley (California, USA): University of California. 332 pp. Data URL: http://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/9
Name: Global Coral Diversity (No. of Coral Species per Ecoregion)
Display Field: Diversity
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Coral Diversity of the world based on coral ecoregions. Coral diversity data with special thanks to Charlie Veron:
Veron JEN, Devantier LM, Turak E, Green AL, Kininmonth S, Stafford-Smith
M & Peterson N. 2009. Delineating the Coral Triangle. In Galaxea, Journal of
Coral Reef Studies; 11: p. 91-100.
Description: This dataset displays the extent of our knowledge regarding the distribution of saltmarshes globally, drawing from occurrence data (surveyed and/or remotely sensed). The dataset was developed to provide a baseline inventory of the extent of our knowledge regarding the global distribution of saltmarshes, which are ecosystems located in the intertidal zone of sheltered marine and estuarine coastlines. These ecosystems comprise brackish, shallow water with salt-tolerant plants such as herbs, grasses and shrubs, and are commonly found at temperate and high latitudes. Saltmarshes are of ecological importance as they underpin the estuarine food web. In particular, saltmarshes serve as nesting, nursery and feeding grounds for numerous species of birds, fish, molluscs and crustaceans, including commercially important fish species such as herring (Clupea harengus), and are also home to a number of Endangered and Critically Endangered species.
Copyright Text: Mcowen C, Weatherdon LV, Bochove J, Sullivan E, Blyth S, Zockler C, Stanwell-Smith D, Kingston N, Martin CS, Spalding M, Fletcher S (2017). A global map of saltmarshes. Biodiversity Data Journal 5: e11764. Paper DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11764; Data URL: http://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/43 (v.5)
Description: This dataset shows the global distribution of seagrasses, and is composed of two subsets of point and polygon occurrence data. The data were compiled by UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre in collaboration with many collaborators (e.g. Frederick Short of the University of New Hampshire), organisations (e.g. OSPAR), and projects (e.g. the European project Mediterranean Sensitive Habitats “Mediseh”), across the globe.
Description: This dataset shows the global distribution of seagrasses, and is composed of two subsets of point and polygon occurrence data. The data were compiled by UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre in collaboration with many collaborators (e.g. Frederick Short of the University of New Hampshire), organisations (e.g. OSPAR), and projects (e.g. the European project Mediterranean Sensitive Habitats “Mediseh”), across the globe (full list available in accompanying metadata table within the dataset).
Name: Global GDP distributed by gridded population (US$ x 1000 per sq km)
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: In the distributed global GDP dataset sub-national GRP and national GDP data are allocated to 30 arc second (approximately 1km) grid cells in proportion to the population residing in that cell. The method also distinguishes between rural and urban population, assuming the latter
to have a higher GDP per capita. Input data are from
1) a global time-series dataset of GDP, with subnational gross regional product (GRP) for 74 countries, compiled by the World Bank Development Economics Research Group (DECRG).
2) Gridded population projections for the year 2009, based on a population grid for the year 2005 provided by LandScanTM Global Population Database (Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory).
This dataset has been extrapolated to year 2010 by UNEP/GRID-Geneva.
Unit is estimated value of production per cell, in thousand of constant 2000 USD. Cell level anomalies may occur due to poor alignment of multiple input data sources, and it is strongly recommended that users attempt to verify information, or consult original sources, in order to
determine suitability for a particular application.
This product was compiled by DECRG for the Global Assessment Report on Risk Reduction (GAR). It was modeled using global data. Credit: GIS processing World Bank DECRG, Washington, DC, extrapolation UNEP/GRID-Geneva.
Description: Heatmap of the category of coastal exposure (red displays highest coastal exposure to lowest in blue) The coastal exposure is defined by the Hazard Index (HI) that was calculated as follows: HI=√(7&R_hab R_geo R_rel R_win R_wav R_slr R_sur )
where the relative ranking (R) indicates parameter that affects hazard index including, the ranking of habitats (R_hab; is calculated by the habitat risk exposure function embedded in Coastal Vulnerability toolbox of InVEST model, Eq. xx), the effects of geomorphology type (R_geo) and coastal relief (R_rel), and the exposures from wind (R_win), waves (R_wav), sea level rise (R_slr), and storm surge potential (R_sur). R_hab=max(1,4.8-0.5 √((1.5 〖max〗_h^N (5-R_h ))^2+(∑_h^N▒〖(5-R_h )^2-〖max〗_h^N (5-R_h )^2 〗) )) Eq.xx
Where N is the number of habitat layers within the maximum protection distance of that habitat type and R_h is the risk rank of habitat type h.
The relative ranking is defined independently for each parameter to assign the level of exposures from high (rank = 5) to low (rank = 1). For almost all the parameters, except for habitats and geomorphology, the rank is calculated by classifying the values using quartile sampling distribution, from first quartile or top 20% (rank = 5) to fifth quartile (rank = 1). Meanwhile, the habitat and geomorphology ranking systems are following the methods proposed by Gornitz (1990), and also see Arkema et al. (2013).
Description: Heatmap of the category of total habitat role in coastal protection (red displays highest habitat role grading to lowest in blue ). The value is calculated by, at first, subtracting the Hazard Index in “with” Habitat scenario from another Hazard Index in “without” Habitat scenario. Then, the value divided by the maximum Hazard Index (“without” Habitat scenario) is considered as Habitat Roles.
Description: Heatmap of the density of human population benefitted by coastal protection service provided by coastal wetlands (saltmarsh, mangroves and seagrass). Red displays >10,000 grading to < 500 people per 1 km2 in blue . The protected value is estimated by calculating the difference in the number of people exposed to coastal hazards “with” and “without” habitats included in the hazard index (see Coastal Exposure). There is a maximum distance limit by 1 km from the coastline to match the model resolution.
(Data source: embedded in InVEST. The original source is Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University; and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT)). The data is at 100 m resolution and obtained from the InVEST 3.5.0 data package (Sharp et al., 2018) and Gridded Population of the World Version 3 (GPWv3): courtesy of CIESIN, Columbia University; and CIAT (2005).
Description: Heatmap of total protected value (in Australian Dollar) due to coastal protection service provided by coastal wetlands (saltmarsh, mangroves and seagrass) for coastal counties in Australia (red displays >100 grading to <1 million AUD per coastal county in blue). The protected value is estimated by calculating the difference in the total value of property exposed to coastal hazards “with” and “without” habitats included in the hazard index (see Coastal Exposure). Finally, the total protected value is summed by county and by limiting maximum distance 1 km from the coastline to match the model resolution.
(Data source: global exposure datasets from Global Assessment Report (2015) provided by United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)). It contains total economic capital stock values in 4 km resolution, then resampled into 1 km resolution. This is derived from the value of property within 1 km2 of the coastline where the presence of coastal wetlands reduces the impacts of inundation from storms.
Description: Heatmap of the percentage that mangrove ecosystems contribute to reduce coastal hazard index (see Coastal Exposure). Red displays >10 grading to 1 – 2 % in blue.
Description: Heatmap of the percentage that seagrass ecosystems contribute to reduce coastal hazard index (see Coastal Exposure). Red displays >10 grading to 1 – 2 % in blue.
Description: Heatmap of the percentage that saltmarsh ecosystems contribute to reduce coastal hazard index (see Coastal Exposure). Red displays >10 grading to 1 – 2 % in blue.
Description: Soil carbon stock for Australian seagrass ecosystems were associated with multiple environmental and anthropogenic variables across Australia in a boosted regression tree (BRT). The resulting associations from the BRT were used to extrapolate carbon stock values across the coverage of seagrass ecosystems in Australia.
Description: Soil carbon stock for Australian tidal marsh and mangrove ecosystems were associated with multiple environmental and anthropogenic variables across Australia in a boosted regression tree (BRT). The resulting associations from the BRT were used to extrapolate carbon stock values across the coverage of tidal marsh and mangrove ecosystems in Australia.
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare for Australian coastal wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2050 under the Levee Removal Plus Sea Level Rise Scenario, in which current coastal ecosystems remain in place for the entire modelling period and coastal levees are breeched, returning tidal inundation to low-lying area in the vicinity of breeched structures. Sea level rise would augment inundation over time. It is assumed that newly inundated areas would be restored to tidal marsh or mangrove.
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare for Australian wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2100 under the Levee Removal Plus Sea Level Rise Scenario, in which current coastal ecosystems remain in place for the entire modelling period and coastal levees are breeched, returning tidal inundation to low-lying area in the vicinity of breeched structures. Sea level rise would augment inundation over time. It is assumed that newly inundated areas would be restored to tidal marsh or mangrove.
Name: Potential Coastal Wetland Carbon Sequestration by 2050 (SLR Scenario)
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration for Australian coastal wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2050 under the Sea Level Rise Scenario, in which current coastal ecosystems remain in place for the entire modelling period and sea level rise returns tidal inundation to low-lying areas. It is assumed that newly inundated areas would be restored to tidal marsh or mangrove.
Name: Potential Coastal Wetland Carbon Sequestration by 2100 (SLR Scenario)
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration for Australian coastal wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2100 under the Sea Level Rise Scenario, in which current coastal ecosystems remain in place for the entire modelling period and sea level rise returns tidal inundation to low-lying areas. It is assumed that newly inundated areas would be restored to tidal marsh or mangrove.
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare for Australian coastal wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time. Loss of soil carbon from erosion took place within the first decade after erosion.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2050 under the Erosion of the Top 20th Percentile Risk Area scenario. Coastal areas were ranked based on a relative risk index for erosion using the Victorian Coastal Climate Change Risk Assessment (DELWP 2015). Current coastal ecosystems falling with the areas in the top 20th percentile of risk index ranks were assumed to erode to either mudflat or open water, losing soil carbon. Coastal ecosystems outside of these areas.
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare for Australian coastal wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time. Loss of soil carbon from erosion took place within the first decade after erosion.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2100 under the Erosion of the Top 20th Percentile Risk Area scenario. Coastal areas were ranked based on a relative risk index for erosion using the Victorian Coastal Climate Change Risk Assessment (DELWP 2015). Current coastal ecosystems falling with the areas in the top 20th percentile of risk index ranks were assumed to erode to either mudflat or open water, losing soil carbon. Coastal ecosystems outside of these areas.
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare for Australian coastal wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time. Loss of soil carbon from erosion took place within the first decade after erosion.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2050 under the Erosion of the Top 50th Percentile Risk Area scenario. Coastal areas were ranked based on a relative risk index for erosion using the Victorian Coastal Climate Change Risk Assessment (DELWP 2015). Current coastal ecosystems falling with the areas in the top 50th percentile of risk index ranks were assumed to erode to either mudflat or open water, losing soil carbon.
Description: Potential soil carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare for Australian coastal wetland ecosystems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) in Victoria was calculated from 2020 to 2050 and 2020 to 2100 using the InVEST Coastal Blue Carbon Model v3.7 (Natural Capital Project). Annual carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem were extrapolated over time to estimate net carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems had sequestration rates that were initially lower than undisturbed ecosystems but caught up over time. Loss of soil carbon from erosion took place within the first decade after erosion.
This layer represents potential carbon sequestration (tonnes C) per hectare by 2100 under the Erosion of the Top 50th Percentile Risk Area scenario. Coastal areas were ranked based on a relative risk index for erosion using the Victorian Coastal Climate Change Risk Assessment (DELWP 2015). Current coastal ecosystems falling with the areas in the top 50th percentile of risk index ranks were assumed to erode to either mudflat or open water, losing soil carbon.
Name: Port Phillip and Western Port Mangrove Biomass Carbon Stock (Mgha-1)
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Estimated mangrove aboveground carbon stocks (Mg ha-1) for Port Phillip and Western Port Bays, Victoria, Australia. Field-derived mangrove aboveground biomass estimated from allometry (Saintilan 1997), carbon stock from a mangrove biomass to carbon ratio of 1:0.464 (Kauffman & Donato 2012; Donato et al. 2011). Aboveground biomass carbon stock maps developed from field-derived biomass and mean tree height relationships, and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission- (mean canopy height; Fatoyinbo et al. 2008; SRTM; Rodriguez et al. 2006) and airborne LiDAR-(ground elevation: Geoscience Australia 2015) derived mean tree height.
Description: Heatmap showing recreational value from birdwatching in coastal areas around Port Phillip and Western Port in Victoria, Australia. These values are based on the distances people are willing to travel to these areas and the amount of mangrove and tidal marsh habitat present.
Description: Heatmap showing loss of recreational value from birdwatching in coastal areas around Port Phillip and Western Port in Victoria, Australia based on a scenario where 10% of the mangrove and tidal marsh habitat is lost (red displays >$4000 grading to >$10 AUD per trip in blue). These values are based on the costs of travel and time taken to get to a birding location and the amount of mangrove and tidal marsh habitat present.
Description: Heatmap showing loss of recreational value from birdwatching in coastal areas around Port Phillip and Western Port in Victoria, Australia based on a scenario where 30% of the mangrove and tidal marsh habitat is lost (red displays >$4000 grading to >$10 AUD per trip in blue). These values are based on the costs of travel and time taken to get to a birding location and the amount of mangrove and tidal marsh habitat present.
Description: Heatmap showing loss of recreational value from birdwatching in coastal areas around Port Phillip and Western Port in Victoria, Australia based on a scenario where 50% of the mangrove and tidal marsh habitat is lost (red displays >$4000 grading to >$10 AUD per trip in blue). These values are based on the costs of travel and time taken to get to a birding location and the amount of mangrove and tidal marsh habitat present.
Description: Heatmap showing the economic benefit per trip corresponding to the current value of seagrass coverage in Western Port (red displays >$50 grading to <$1 AUD per trip in blue). These values were derived by valuing the amount of seagrass in fishing blocks across the bay with the costs of travel and time taken to get to a location in the corresponding blocks by recreational fishers. The blocks have been clipped to the current seagrass extents. Areas in black are Marine Protected Areas where no fishing is allowed.
Name: Economic Value w/30% increase in Seagrass (Western Port)
Display Field: AREACODE
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Heatmap showing the economic benefit per recreational fishing trip corresponding to an increase of 30% in seagrass coverage in Western Port (red displays >$50 grading to <$1 AUD per trip in blue). These values were derived by valuing potential seagrass restoration, resulting in an increase in seagrass coverage by 30%, in fishing blocks across Western Port with costs of travel and time taken to get to a location in the corresponding blocks by recreational fishers. As this restoration is hypothetical, the value is mapped to the fishing blocks that were used in the recreational fishing boat ramp surveys. Areas in black are Marine Protected Areas where no fishing is allowed.
Name: Economic Value w/10% increase in Seagrass (Western Port)
Display Field: AREACODE
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Heatmap showing the economic benefit per recreational fishing trip corresponding to an increase of 10% in seagrass coverage in Western Port (red displays >$50 grading to <$1 AUD per trip in blue). These values were derived by valuing potential seagrass restoration, resulting in an increase in seagrass coverage by 10%, in fishing blocks across Western Port with cost of travel and times taken to get to a location in the corresponding blocks by recreational fishers. As this restoration is hypothetical, the value is mapped to the fishing blocks that were used in the recreational fishing boat ramp surveys. Areas in black are Marine Protected Areas where no fishing is allowed.
Description: Heatmap showing the economic benefit per trip corresponding to the current value of seagrass coverage in Port Phillip (red displays >$50 grading to <$1 AUD per trip in blue). These values were derived by valuing the amount of seagrass in fishing blocks across the bay with the costs of travel and time taken to get to a location in the corresponding blocks by recreational fishers. The blocks have been clipped to the current seagrass extents. Areas in black are Marine Protected Areas where no fishing is allowed.
Name: Economic Value w/30% increase in Seagrass (Port Phillip Bay)
Display Field: AREACODE
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Heatmap showing the economic benefit per recreational fishing trip corresponding to an increase of 30% in seagrass coverage in Port Phillip (red displays >$50 grading to <$1 AUD per trip in blue). These values were derived by valuing potential seagrass restoration, resulting in an increase in seagrass coverage by 30%, in fishing blocks across Port Phillip with costs of travel and time taken to get to a location in the corresponding blocks by recreational fishers. As this restoration is hypothetical, the value is mapped to the fishing blocks that were used in the recreational fishing boat ramp surveys. Areas in black are Marine Protected Areas where no fishing is allowed.
Name: Economic Value w/10% increase in Seagrass (Port Phillip Bay)
Display Field: AREACODE
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Heatmap showing the economic benefit per recreational fishing trip corresponding to an increase of 10% in seagrass coverage in Port Phillip (red displays >$50 grading to <$1 AUD per trip in blue). These values were derived by valuing potential seagrass restoration, resulting in an increase in seagrass coverage by 10%, in fishing blocks across Port Phillip with costs of travel and time taken to get to a location in the corresponding blocks by recreational fishers. As this restoration is hypothetical, the value is mapped to the fishing blocks that were used in the recreational fishing boat ramp surveys. Areas in black are Marine Protected Areas where no fishing is allowed.
Name: King George Whiting Juvenile Density (Port Phillip Bay)
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Heatmap of King George whiting – Sillaginodes punctatus juvenile density per hectare per year in Port Phillip mapped over the extent of seagrass (red displays high values >30,000 grading to blue low values <1,000 . To determine spatial variation in King George whiting density, we utilised an existing long-term dataset, collected by the Victorian Fisheries Authority, of density of juvenile King George whiting in seagrass beds around Port Phillip. Fish densities from seagrass beds were combined with novel machine learning methods to predict fish densities across the whole of Port Phillip. Fish densities were then combined with modelling to estimate the biomass of these fish once they become adults.
Description: o Marine coastal ecosystems, such as saltmarshes, mangroves, and seagrasses – collectively referred to as ‘coastal wetlands’ – are Australia’s under-appreciated ecosystems. Yet coastal wetlands provide many benefits, or ‘ecosystem services’, including sustaining commercial and recreational fisheries, protecting our coastlines from ocean-related threats like storm surges and sea level rise, sequestering and storing carbon (known as blue carbon), and providing natural places for nature-based tourism and recreational activities. The Australian coastal wetlands spatial layers provide historical and contemporary distributions of coastal wetlands split by type for southeastern Australia or the states of New South Wales and Victoria.
Name: New South Wales & Victoria Coastal Ecosystems (Contemporary)
Display Field: CMA_Name
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: Extents of coastal wetland ecosystems (mangrove, saltmarsh, and seagrass) across New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria (VIC) in Australia. Polygons for NSW were downloaded from http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/about-us/research-development/flagship-projects/spatial-data-portal and VIC data came from Boon et al. 2011.
Name: Historic New South Wales Coastal Ecosystems (1940s)
Display Field: Features
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: The historic distribution of seagrass, mangroves, and tidal marsh from the 1940s. These extents were derived by the Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority using aerial photography. These data were provided by New South Wales Department of Primary Industries.
Name: Historic New South Wales Coastal Ecosystems (1980s)
Display Field: Unit
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: The historic distribution of seagrass, mangroves, and tidal marsh from the 1980s. These extents were derived by the Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority using aerial photography. These data were provided by New South Wales Department of Primary Industries.
Name: Historic New South Wales Coastal Ecosystems (1990s)
Display Field: unit
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: The historic distribution of seagrass, mangroves, and tidal marsh from the 1990s. These extents were derived by the Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority using aerial photography. These data were provided by New South Wales Department of Primary Industries.
Name: Historic Victoria Coastal Ecosystems (Pre-1750)
Display Field: LABEL
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: The historic distribution of mangroves and tidal marsh pre-1750 from Victoria, Australia. This layer was derived as part of the Victorian Saltmarsh Study (Boon et al. 2011) from historical aerial imagery and maps.