Name: Number of people avoiding damage from flooding per decade
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: The maps show coastal points which summarise the number of persons (number per km of coast) in adjacent, hazard-exposed areas who are likely to be receiving protection from flooding. The hazard in the model is informed by wind and wave energy, which are indicative of threats arising both from flooding (including wave overtopping during storms) and erosion. Exposed areas include a 500m strip along all coasts, plus additional low-lying areas <5km from the shore. Population information in these hazard exposed areas is from WorldPop 2020, which provides population data over a 30′′ grid (approximately 1-km at the equator). For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Name: Economic values (GDP - PPP) protected from flooding per decade
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: i) The maps show coastal points which summarise the sum of economic value in adjacent, hazard-exposed areas that are likely to be receiving protection from flooding. The hazard in the model is informed by wind and wave energy, which are indicative of threats arising both from flooding (including wave overtopping during storms) and erosion. Exposed areas include a 500m strip along all coasts, plus additional low-lying areas <5km from the shore. Economic value in these areas is derived from 2019 GDP converted to international dollars using Purchasing Power Parity rates, at approximately 1-km resolution.For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits to people, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Copyright Text: Burke and Spalding (2022). WRI, TNC
Name: Infrastructure/NTL protected from flooding per decade
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: (i) The maps show coastal points which summarise the concentration of night-time lights (NTL) in adjacent, hazard-exposed areas that are likely to be receiving protection from flooding. NTL are used here as a proxy indication of human infrastructure value, capturing large parts of built infrastructure, including areas away from human populations such as industrial, transport and even low-density tourism. The hazard in the model is informed by wind and wave energy, which are indicative of threats arising both from flooding (including wave overtopping during storms) and erosion. Exposed areas include a 500m strip along all coasts, plus additional low-lying areas <5km from the shore. NTL are from the 2016 NASA Earth at Night Map: light intensity is measured on a scale of 0–255, at a resolution of 15′′ (approximately 500 m resolution). For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Name: Fringing reefs providing protection to people
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: (i) The relative importance of fringing reefs in defending adjacent coastal populations from flooding. For this map, values calculated at the coast (see separate maps and associated information) are reprojected out to the reefs, weighting the distribution by both distance from shore and reef density. For this stage, the findings are presented as relative scores (1-10) rather than absolute values.For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Name: Barrier reefs providing protection to people
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: (i) The relative importance of barrier reefs in defending nearby coastal populations from flooding. For this map, values calculated at the coast (see separate maps and associated information) are reprojected out to the reefs, weighting the distribution by both distance from shore and reef density. Scores are relative, and, recognising the lower value of barrier reefs in generating benefits at more distant shores, these are given lower relative scores compared to fringing reefs (1-2). For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Name: Fringing reefs providing protection to economic values GDP-PPP
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: (i) The relative importance of fringing reefs in defending adjacent coastal economic assets from flooding. For this map, asset values calculated at the coast (see separate maps and associated information) are reprojected out to the reefs, weighting the distribution by both distance from shore and reef density. For this stage, the findings are presented as relative scores (1-10) rather than absolute values. For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Name: Barrier reefs providing protection to economic values GDP-PPP
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: (i) The relative importance of barrier reefs in defending adjacent coastal economic assets from flooding. For this map, values calculated at the coast (see separate maps and associated information) are reprojected out to the reefs, weighting the distribution by both distance from shore and reef density. Scores are relative, and, recognising the lower value of barrier reefs in generating benefits at more distant shores, these are given lower relative scores compared to fringing reefs (1-2). For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Name: Fringing reefs providing protection to infrastructure/NTL
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: (i) The relative importance of fringing reefs in defending adjacent coastal infrastructure (as approximated by NTL, night time lights) from flooding. For this map, NTL values calculated at the coast (see separate maps and associated information) are reprojected out to the reefs, weighting the distribution by both distance from shore and reef density. For this stage, the findings are presented as relative scores (1-10) rather than absolute values.For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Name: Barrier reefs providing protection to people infrastructure/NTL
Display Field: pointid
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: (i) The relative importance of barrier reefs in defending adjacent coastal infrastructure (as approximated by NTL, night time lights) from flooding. For this map, NTL values calculated at the coast (see separate maps and associated information) are reprojected out to the reefs, weighting the distribution by both distance from shore and reef density. Scores are relative, and, recognising the lower value of barrier reefs in generating benefits at more distant shores, these are given lower relative scores compared to fringing reefs (1-2). For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.
Description: A model of wind and wave hazards was built using the wind and wave indicators from InVEST [1,2]. These data are derived from peak (top 10 %) historic wind and wave records over the period 1997–2007, which are converted to quintiles (scored across a range of 1–5 for wind and waves separately) at approximately 1-km intervals for the world’s coastlines. These values were summed to give scores from 2 to 10 and assigned to our coastal grid cells giving a relative metric of the likely hazard posed by erosion and flooding during extreme conditions in any place. Although storm surges are also a major hazard in many coral reef areas, the mitigation role played by coral reefs is largely restricted to their role important role in reducing wave energy, rather than overall storm surge heights. Thus they can still reduce the overall flooding impacts of this hazard by reducing wave heights[3], and this role is captured in the same wind and wave scores. [1] R. Chaplin-Kramer, et al, Global modeling of nature’s contributions to people, Science 366 (6462) (2019) 255–258, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw3372 [2] R. Sharp, et al, InVEST User’s Guide., The Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, University of Minnesota, The Nature Conservancy, and World Wildlife Fund, 2020.
[3] A. Vila-Concejo, P. Kench, Storms in coral reefs, in: P. Ciavola, G. Coco (Eds.), Coastal Storms, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2017, pp. 127–149.