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A model of wind and wave hazards was built using the wind and wave indicators from InVEST [1,2]. These data are derived from peak (top 10 %) historic wind and wave records over the period 1997–2007, which are converted to quintiles (scored across a range of 1–5 for wind and waves separately) at approximately 1-km intervals for the world’s coastlines. These values were summed to give scores from 2 to 10 and assigned to our coastal grid cells giving a relative metric of the likely hazard posed by erosion and flooding during extreme conditions in any place. Although storm surges are also a major hazard in many coral reef areas, the mitigation role played by coral reefs is largely restricted to their role important role in reducing wave energy, rather than overall storm surge heights. Thus they can still reduce the overall flooding impacts of this hazard by reducing wave heights[3], and this role is captured in the same wind and wave scores. [1] R. Chaplin-Kramer, et al, Global modeling of nature’s contributions to people, Science 366 (6462) (2019) 255–258, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw3372 [2] R. Sharp, et al, InVEST User’s Guide., The Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, University of Minnesota, The Nature Conservancy, and World Wildlife Fund, 2020.
[3] A. Vila-Concejo, P. Kench, Storms in coral reefs, in: P. Ciavola, G. Coco (Eds.), Coastal Storms, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2017, pp. 127–149. |