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(i) The maps show coastal points which summarise the concentration of night-time lights (NTL) in adjacent, hazard-exposed areas that are likely to be receiving protection from flooding. NTL are used here as a proxy indication of human infrastructure value, capturing large parts of built infrastructure, including areas away from human populations such as industrial, transport and even low-density tourism. The hazard in the model is informed by wind and wave energy, which are indicative of threats arising both from flooding (including wave overtopping during storms) and erosion. Exposed areas include a 500m strip along all coasts, plus additional low-lying areas <5km from the shore. NTL are from the 2016 NASA Earth at Night Map: light intensity is measured on a scale of 0–255, at a resolution of 15′′ (approximately 500 m resolution). For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy. |